SOIL TESTING-माती परीक्षण - का व कशासाठी-

माती परीक्षण - का व कशासाठी

शेतातील मातीच्या नमुन्याचे भौतिक , रासायनिक व जैविक पृथक्करण करून त्यातील अन्नद्रव्यांचे प्रमाण तपासणे यास माती परीक्षण म्हणतात.

महत्त्व

१- उपलब्ध अन्नद्रव्याचे प्रमाण समजते

२-जमिनीमधील दोष समजतात

३-जमिनीच्या प्रतीनुसार पिकांची निवड व नियोजन करता येते.

४-जमीन सुधारण्यासाठी नियोजनबध्द उपाययोजना करता येते.

५-आवश्यक तेवढेच खत व संतुलित खतांचा पुरवठा झाल्यामुळे आर्थिक बचत व उत्पादनक्षमता टिकून राहते.

मातीचा नमुना घेण्याची पद्धत

शेतातील नमुना योग्य पद्धतीने घेणे हि माती परीक्षण कार्यक्रमात सर्वात महत्त्वाची बाब आहे. वर्षभरात नमुने कधीही काढता येतात.तथापि , पाऊस झाल्यावर , पाणी दिल्यानंतर , वाफसा नसतांना आणि खते घातल्यानंतर लगेच नमुने काढू नयेत. जमिनीत पिक घेण्याच्या हंगामापूर्वी नमुने घेणे अधिक योग्य आहे.

१-जमिनीचा रंग, चढ उतार , खोली , खडकाळ किंवा खोलगटपणा, पाणथळ , निचऱ्याची परिस्थिती अशा भागाचा विचार करून शेताचे निरनिराळे विभाग पडावेत. अशा प्रकारे शेतातील निरनिराळ्या ठिकाणचे नमुने घेऊन त्यापासून प्रातिनिधिक नमुना तयार करावा. प्रत्येक विभागातून १० ते १२ ठिकाणच्या मातीचे नमुने घेऊन ते घमेल्यात किंवा पोते यावर घ्यावे. त्याचे चार समान भाग करून समोरासमोरचे दोन भाग घ्यावेत. अशा प्रकारे अर्धा किलो माती होईपर्यंत प्रक्रिया पूर्ण करावी.

२-केळी, द्राक्षे, डाळिंब, उस, कापूस - २० ते २५ से मी खोलीपर्यंत नमुना घ्यावा.

३-भाजीपाला , तेलवर्गीय पिके - १० ते १५ से मी खोलीपर्यंत नमुना घ्यावा.

४-फळ बागायती पिके- १०० से मी खोलीपर्यंत नमुना घ्यावा.

मातीचा नमुना काढतांना घ्यावयाची काळजी

१-शेतात जनावरे बसण्याची जागा , खत, कचरा टाकण्याच्या जागा , विहिरीचे आणि शेताचे बांध या जागेतून मातीचे नमुने घेऊ नये.

२-शेतात रासायनिक खते टाकली असल्यास २ ते अडीच महिन्यांच्या आत नमुना घेऊ नये

३- निरनिराळ्या प्रकारच्या जमिनीचे किंवा निरनिराळ्या शेतातील मातीचे नमुने एकत्र मिसळू नये.

४-झाडाखालील , पाणथळ जागेतील व माती वाहुन गेलेल्या जागेतील मातीचा नमुना घेऊ नये.

५-ठिबक सिंचन असल्यास वेटिंग बोलच्या कडेचा नमुना घ्यावा

६-रासायनिक खताच्या रिकाम्या केलेल्या पिशव्या मातीचा नमुना घेण्यासाठी वापरू नयेत.

मातीच्या नमुन्याबरोबर खालील माहिती पाठवावी.

१- शेतकऱ्याचे नाव व पत्ता

२-नमुना घेतल्याची तारीख व नमुना घेतलेल्या जमिनीची खोली

३-गट नं , सर्वे नं व एकूण क्षेत्र

४-जमिनीचा प्रकार व खोली

५-पाण्याचा स्रोत व जमिनीचा निचरा

६- सिंचन पद्धती

७- मागील हंगामात घेतलेले पिक व पुढील हंगामात घेण्याचे पिक व जात

८- पिक लागवडीमध्ये आलेल्या विशिष्ट अडचणी

हिरवळीचे खत - ढेंचा

हिरवळीचे खत

जमिनीची सुपीकता टिकवण्यासाठी सेंद्रिय खतांची फार गरज आहे. परंतु त्याची उपलब्धता दिवसेंदिवस दुर्मिळ होत चालली आहे. अशा परिस्थितीत जमिनीची सेंद्रिय खतांची गरज भागविण्यासाठी हिरवळीची खते शेतीला व शेतकरयांना वरदान ठरू शकतात. हिरवळीचे खत म्हणजे शेतात वाढलेल्या हिरव्या वनस्पती किंवा पानासह कोवळ्या फांद्या बाहेरून आणून जमिनीत गाडणे होय. हि पिके जमिनीत अन्न पुरवठ्याबरोबर जमिनीचे भौतिक व रासायनिक गुणधर्म सुधारण्यास मदत करतात.

हिरवळीचे खते दोन प्रकारचे आहेत-

१- हिरवळीच्या खताचे पिक शेतात वाढवून फुलोरयापूर्वी ते जमिनीत गाडणे.[उदा.बोरू , ढेंचा, चवळी इत्यादी.]

२-हिरवळीच्या खताचे पिक शेताबाहेर बांधावर किंवा पडीक जमिनीवर वाढवून त्याच्या कोवळ्या फांद्या व पाने शेतात आणून जमिनीत मिसळणे, गाडणे [उदा. गिरिपुष्प, सुबाभूळ, शेवरी इत्यादी.]

ढेंच्या लागवड अशी करा.

वखराच्या [कुळवाच्या ] आडव्या उभ्या पाळ्या देऊन शेत तयार करून घ्यावे. त्यानंतर दीड ते दोन फुट अंतरावर सऱ्या काढून सरीच्या दोन्ही बाजूस ढेंच्या बियाणे पेरावे. एकरी २० ते २५ किलो बियाणे पुरेसे होते. पेरणीनंतर हलके पाणी द्यावे. १५ दिवसांच्या अंतराने २ ते ३ पाणी द्यावे. नांगर किंवा ट्रक्टरने नांगरून जमिनीत गाडावे. १०-१२ दिवसानंतर वखराच्या [कुळवाच्या] आडव्या उभ्या पाळ्या देऊन सर्व अवशेष जमिनीत मिसळून पुढील पिकासाठी शेत तयार करावे.

ढेंच्या हिरवळीच्या खताची वैशिष्ट्ये

-ढेंच्या हलक्या , मध्यम , भारी आणि क्षारयुक्त जमिनीतही भरपूर वाढतो.

-ढेन्च्याचे वाढीवर कमी ओल किंवा अधिक पाणी ह्याचा फारसा वाईट परिणाम होत नाही.

-ढेन्चाची वाढ झपाट्याने होत असल्याने केवळ ४५-५० दिवसांनतर जमिनीत गाडल्यामुळे पूर्णपणे कुजून त्याचे खत पुढील पिकास उपलब्ध होते.

-ढेन्चापासून प्रती एकर ८० क्विंटल हिरवळीचे खत मिळते जे एकरी २२४ क्विंटल शेणखताएवढा फायदा शेतकऱ्यास देते. [१ क्वि. हिरवळीचे खत = २.८ क्वि. शेणखताचे सत्त्व]

-ढेंचा कुजत असतांना सूक्ष्म जीवाणूंच्या निर्मितीस चालना मिळून त्यापासून पोषक सेंद्रिय पदार्थाची निर्मिती होते, पर्यायाने जमिनीची प्रत सुधारते.

-ढेन्चामुळे भरपूर कॅल्शियम उपलब्ध होऊन जमीन चिबड करणारे पाण्यात न विरघळणारे सोडीयमचे क्षार द्राव्य अवस्थेत येऊन पावसाचे वा ओलिताचे पाण्याद्वारे त्यांचा निचरा होऊन अशा जमिनींची सुपीकता वाढते.

-ढेंचा द्विदलवर्गीय पिक असल्याने वातावरणातील नत्र जमिनीत साठवून ठेवण्यास मदत करते.

-ढेन्चामुळे पुढील पिकास प्रती एकर ३५ किलो नत्र , ७.३ किलो स्फुरद , १७.८ किलो पालाश , १.९ किलो गंधक , १.४ किलो कॅलशियम, १.६ किलो म्याग्नीशियम हि अन्नद्रव्ये आणि जस्त- २५ पी.पी.एम., लोह-१०५ पी.पी.एम.,तांबे - ७ पी.पी.एम. हि सूक्ष्म अन्नद्रव्ये उपलब्ध होतात.

बियाणे खरेदी करतांना घ्यावयाची काळजी -

-परवानाधारक बियाणे विक्रेत्याकडूनच बियाणे खरेदी करावे.
-बियाणे खरेदी करीत असताना सीलबंद नसलेले बियाणे दर्जाची खात्री नसल्याने ते खरेदी करू नये.
-खरेदी केलेल्या बियाण्या बाबद संपूर्ण तपशील असलेली [उदा. पिक, वाण, लेबल नंबर, लोट नंबर, वजन, तपासणीचा दिनांक , वैध मुदत, बियाणे किंमत, खरेदीदाराचे, उत्पादकाचे,विक्रेत्याचे नाव, तसेच विक्रेत्याची सही इ. ] रोखी अथवा उधारीची पावती घ्यावी.
-बियाणे खरेदी करतांना त्यावरील वैध मुदतीची खात्री करून वैध मुदतीच्या आतील बियाणे खरेदी करावे.
-छापील किमतीपेक्षा जादा दराने बियाणे खरेदी करू नये.
-विशिष्ट संशोधित वाणाचा आग्रह न धरता त्याच गुणधर्माचे अधिसूचित वाणाचे प्रमाणित बियाणे शक्यतो खरेदी करावे.
-बियाणे खरेदी केल्यानंतर खरेदीची पावती, वेष्टन व त्यावरील लेबल आणि पिशवीतील थोडेसे बियाणे हंगाम संपेपर्यंत जपून ठेवावे.
-बियाणे दर्जा / उगवणक्षमता / भौतिक शुद्तेबाबत शंका असल्यास कृषी विभागाच्या नजीकच्या कार्यालयात तक्रार नोंदवावी . जिल्हास्तरावर कृषी विकास अधिकारी, जिल्हा परिषद यांचे अध्यक्षतेखाली तक्रार निवारण समिती गठीत करण्यात आलेली आहे .

कांदा दुभाळके ONION BOLTING PROBLEM

Reasons of bolting in onion crop
कांदा दुभाळके निघण्याची काही कारणे
1- Direct Seed sowing without nursery.
१- रोप न तयार करता सरळ बियाणे फेकून लागवड केली जाते. म्हणून

2- Use of overage nursery-more than 5 to 6 weeks.
२- दुर्लक्ष होऊन ५ ते ६ आठवड्यापेक्षा जास्त वयाची रोपे वापरली जातात म्हणून

3- Straight application of high percentage of nytrogen fertilisers such as urea
३- पिकाच्या वाढी साठी युरिया सारखी भरपूर प्रमाणात केवळ नत्र असलेली रा. खते वापरली जातात म्हणून

4- Exceses watering more than need
४- जरुरी पेक्षा जास्त पाण्याच्या पाळ्या दिले जातात म्हणून

5- Un-suitable climate .etc.etc
५-काही वेळेस नैसर्गिक हवामान अनुकूल नसते म्हणून

TOMATO - टोमॅटो

CROP
TOMATO- ABHINAV
Plant-
Semi-determinate with vigorous plant habit.
Broas leaves with excellent foliage cover
Fruit -
Very firm fruits with good keeping quality.
square shape and medium size(80-100 g)
Fruit harvesting starts 60-65 days after transplanting
Uniform fruit ripening
Ripe fruits are attatractive deep red and glossy
Features-
Good heat set and high yield potential
Tolerance to TyLCV.
Suitable for long distance transport.
- SYNGENTA SEEDS
===================================================

TOMATO - 1389
Plant-
Determinate, vigorous with profuse branching.
Fruit-
Firm,Square,medium size (70-90 g)
Fruit harvesting starts 55-60 days after transplanting
Ripe fruits are red and glossy
Features-
Good Tolerance to Ty.
Early hybrid with good yield potential
Suitable for Kharif season.
- SYNGENTA SEEDS

interview-6

QUESTIONS ABOUT YOURSELF 1. Tell me about yourself. 2. What do you consider to be one of your weaknesses (strengths)? 3. What is unique about you? 4. What qualifications do you have that indicate you will be successful in your field? How would they relate to our position? What do you have to offer? 5. What are your own special abilities? 6. What new skills or capabilities have you developed over the past year? 7. What have you done which shows initiative and willingness to work? 8. What are your greatest work and non-work accomplishments during the past two years? 9. Describe three things that are most important to you in a job. 10. What motivates you? 11. What have you been doing since your graduation from college? Since you left your last job? 12. How would a co-worker, or friend, or boss describe you? 13. What are your interests outside of work, college? 14. What qualities do you admire most in others? 15. How would you describe your own work style? PROBLEM QUESTIONS 1. "Tell me about yourself." This question is generally asked for two reasons -To find out about your general job skills -To find out about your communication skills. Answer it by describing your best qualifications for the job. Cite specific examples wherever you can to support your claims. 2. "What is your major weakness?" Don't be negative while answering this question. Instead project a positive aspect as one of your weaknesses. Examples : -Sometimes I tend to get over involved in my work. -Sometimes I get over enthusiastic about my work. -I ask too many questions to understand my work thoroughly 3. What salary do you expect? This is a tough question, if you ask for something high you might price yourself out of the job, if you ask for something low, you might get paid less than what should be rightfully yours. Never state a flat amount, always mention a range that would go slightly above what you would find acceptable. Another alternative is to state that you would expect what any other employee in the company with similar education and background is drawing or to ask the employer what someone with your experience and background are worth. 4. "Why do you want to work for this company?" The employer asks this question to find out how much homework you have done about the company. You can demonstrate your knowledge about the company by giving answers that indicate that you have researched the company. Your answers can include "I've talked to some of your employees and I feel this company is a good company to work with because…". " I've been reading about the company's future plans and they look promising…" 5. "Why did you leave your last job?" The employer asks this question to find out if you had any problems on your last job. - Never say anything negative about yourself or your previous employer. If you did have problems think of a way to explain without being negative. - If you were asked to leave the company do not use the word "fired" or "sacked". Use words such as "laid off" or "downsized" - If you were asked to leave and are not on good terms with your previous employer, maybe you should explain. Try to show that you learned something from the situation. - Tell the employer that the former problem (if it is personal) will not affect your work. - Common reasons for leaving: general layoff, job was temporary, moved to a new area, company went out of business, no room for advancement, wanted a job that would better use your skills. 6. "What are your future plans?" The interviewer might want to know how ambitious are you, do you plan ahead or set goals for yourself. He/she might also try to figure out if you are likely to stay with the company for a significant amount of time or whether you are just using the job as a stop gap arrangement till you land a better job.

interview- 5

QUESTIONS SPECIFIC TO THE COMPANY/JOB

1. Why should we hire you?

2. Why do you want to work here?

3. What do you know about this organization?

4. What salary do you expect?

5. Why do you think you would like this type of position? Company?

6. What kind of boss do you like to work for?

7. How long do you intend to stay here?

8. What do you think determines a person's progress in an organization?

9. What interests you about our product or service? How would you improve it?

10. What do you think would be your greatest contribution to our operation?

11. How do you solve problems?

12. When can you start to work?

Can you travel overnight?

interview- 4

PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE QUESTIONS

1. What have you learned from your past jobs?

2. How often, and in what way, did you communicate with your subordinates and superiors?

3. What were the biggest pressures on your last job?

4. What challenges did you face in your last job and how did you overcome them?

5. What were some of your biggest achievements in your last job?

6. How did your job description for your last job change while you held it?

7. What specific skills acquired or used in previous jobs relate to this position?

8. How does your previous experience relate to this position?

9. Why did you leave your last job?

10. What did you like most/least about your last job?

11. Whom may we contact for references?

interview-3

QUESTIONS ABOUT SCHOOL EDUCATION

1. How does your education relate to this position (or how does your education prepare you for this position)?

2. What activities did you engage in at college?

3. What classes did you like most in college? Least? Why?

4. Why did you decide to go to _______________ college?

5. Why did you choose your particular specialisation?

6. Describe your academic strengths and weaknesses?

7. What are your plans for continuing your education?

8. What career related skills do you possess as a result of your academic preparation?

What have you read recently in your field?

interview-2

QUESTIONS ABOUT YOUR CAREER GOALS

1. Where do you see yourself five/ten years from now?

2. What type of position are you interested in?

3. What are your salary requirements--short term/long term?

4. What is success? What personal characteristics will contribute to your success?

5. How will employment with us contribute to your career plans?

6. What do you expect from a job?

7. What are your career objectives - short and long term?

8. This job is a total change from previous employment. How does it fit your career goals?

What are your location preferences?

Interviews -1

QUESTIONS ABOUT YOURSELF

1. Tell me about yourself.

2. What do you consider to be one of your weaknesses (strengths)?

3. What is unique about you?

4. What qualifications do you have that indicate you will be successful in your field? How would they relate to our position? What do you have to offer?

5. What are your own special abilities?

6. What new skills or capabilities have you developed over the past year?

7. What have you done which shows initiative and willingness to work?

8. What are your greatest work and non-work accomplishments during the past two years?

9. Describe three things that are most important to you in a job.

10. What motivates you?

11. What have you been doing since your graduation from college?

Since you left your last job?

12. How would a co-worker, or friend, or boss describe you?

13. What are your interests outside of work, college?

14. What qualities do you admire most in others?

15. How would you describe your own work style?

kavita- कविता

पुर गाव होईल एवढा
माझा गोतावळा आहे
पण खरं नातं जोडायला
मी आज देखील उतावळा आहे.
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खरंच किती छान आहे
सूर्यासारख उगवण
स्वत: उगवताना
दुस्रयालाही जागवण
- भूषण अंबडकर

WORLD FAMOUS AGRA

Our Friend group decided a visit to Agra. We started our journey early morning by train and reached agra by evening. First we went to the lodge and after some rest and refreshments, we set out to see the long awaited Taj. We reched there by taxies' then walked for fifteen minutes up to the gae.It is a very big and beautiful entrance. We bought the ticket for enterning inside. As soon as we entered th Taj Mahal looked so beautiful as the marble was shining in the moon light. It iwas so wonderful to see it. The smaller domes and the four corner minarets make the tomb appear more beautiful. Time stood still and we held our breath. Now we understood that why it is rated as the most beautiful building of the world.
The great Mughal Emperor Shah jahan built it in the memory of his beloved queen MumtazMahal. It is said that twenty thousand workers worked for twenty long years to build this wonder of the world.The whole building is in white marble.The colouring of the engraves leaves and flowers on the minarets is done in such a way that their size looks same from bottom to top.It is wonder of engineering.

VALUABLE TIME

Strike while the iron is hot, A stitch in time saves nine and never put off till tomorrow what you can do thoday. these proverbs tell us how the time is important . time never stops. Time lost can not be regaiined. Time never waits for anyone,however rich or poor you may be. Everyone has to respect time. Some people have absolutely no value for the time. They never fulfill the words, break appointments with ease and are always late for any function whether it is important or not .Such people will repent when they will suffer seriously
When any work or function is delayed, the time, which could have been used , is wasted which can't be brought back.There are many poor people who thik that they never had any luck and so have remained poor. But the fact is that many cases of poverty are due to wasted opportunities, bad habits and too much delay in tasks.
Everyone respect a person who is always on time or who never delays the things. one has to have planning to be on time. It also shows that you respect time of others. We will be saved from losses, stress and humliation and will be able to progress in our life only when we realize how valuale the punctuality is .

some proverbs

A bad workman always quarrels with his tools.
नाचता येईना आंगन वाकडे

A bird in hand is worth two in the bush.
हातचे सोडून पळत्याच्या मागे लागने

A burnt child dreads the fire.
दुधाने पोळले की ताक फुंकून पिणे

Beauty is only skin deep.
सौन्दर्यापेक्षा चरित्र श्रेष्ठ आहे

Short but sweet
थोडक्यात गोड

Well begun is half done.
चांगली सुरुवात म्हणजे अर्धे काम झाल्यासारखे आहे

Pride goes before fall
गर्वाचे घर ख़ाली

It is never too late to mend
सुधारनेला उशीर कधीच होत नाही

Time and tide wait for none.
वेळ आणि संधी कोणासाठी थांबत नाही

Strike while the iron is hot
आलेली संधी दवडू नका

SOME GREAT EXPLORERS

From time immemorial, man has to struggle for survival. He went from one place to another in search of fresh supplies of food materials. He migrated from troubled places to safer ones. Curiosity to explore new places and the ambition of establishing his dominance over other territories also prompted him to undertake journeys and voyages. He tried to explore new trade routes. The history of exploring new lands is as old as the history of man himself.
1- Marco Polo travelled from Italy in Europe to China. He returned to Italy by sea. During his return voyage he saw many wonderful and strange things unknown to the Europeans.
2- Vasco Da Gama a Portuguese sailor, for the first time, travelled from Portugal to India by sea. During his voyage he was helped by an Arab pilot.
3- Christopher Columbus was a great explorer. He believed that the world was round. So he could reach the east by sailing west. He sailed westwards from Spain with a view to reach China. But he crossed the Atlantic and reached the West Indies instead of China. In this way, he discovered the ‘New World’, i.e. America.
4- Ferdinand Magellansailed across the Atlantic and sailing down the coast of South America entered the Pacific Ocean. But on reaching Philippines’, he was killed in a battle with the islanders.
5- Sir Francis Drake, an Englishman, followed Magellan’s route and was the first man to circumnavigate the earth.